A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Lore & Background

From this reaction, she launched a broad attack against double standards, indicting men for encouraging women to indulge in excessive emotion. She hurried to complete the work in direct response to ongoing events and intended to write a more thoughtful second volume but died before completing it.

Reader's Guide

Biographer Emily W. Uncertainty regarding whether Wollstonecraft believed women should have full voting rights makes it difficult to classify her definitively as a modern feminist; the word feminist did not emerge until decades after her death.

Did You Know?

• Wollstonecraft intended to write a second, more thoughtful volume but died before completing it.

A Foundational Argument in Late 18th-Century Europe

At a time when European societies were firmly structured around patriarchal assumptions, Wollstonecraft made a pointed case that class and private property formed the structural basis of discrimination against women. Rather than treating women's subordination as a natural or divine arrangement, she argued that women, just as much as men, were entitled to equal rights. This positioned her book within the broader late 18th-century European intellectual landscape where questions of political and social equality were being actively debated. Her work predated the very word "feminism" by decades, yet it laid groundwork for what would later become organized campaigns for women's political, economic, personal, and social equality. By framing the issue in terms of rights rather than charity or moral improvement, Wollstonecraft gave future advocates a philosophical anchor that resonated through the centuries of feminist movements that followed.

From Wollstonecraft to the "Big Three" Schools

Wollstonecraft's insistence on equal rights within a framework of political and legal reform anticipated what would later be classified as first-wave liberal feminism, the tradition that sought change through reforms within a liberal democratic structure. Over the following century and a half, this lineage branched and multiplied. Labour-based women's movements rooted in class struggle theory evolved into socialist and Marxist feminism, while the radical wing of the second-wave movement in the 1960s produced radical feminism, which called for a fundamental reordering of society to eliminate patriarchy altogether. These three traditions—liberal, socialist, and radical—are often grouped together as the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought. Wollstonecraft's original argument that property and class structures undergirded women's oppression found echoes in each of these schools, though they diverged sharply on method and scope. The liberal strand kept her rights-based language; the socialist strand expanded her class critique; the radical strand questioned whether any existing social structure could be reformed rather than dismantled.

Naming a Movement Before the Name Existed

In both early French uses, the terminology carried a strongly negative connotation, reflecting anxiety about a supposed "confusion of the sexes" and a challenge to the established sexual division of society. Wollstonecraft, writing before any of this vocabulary existed, nonetheless articulated the core principles that the word would eventually name.

A Living Legacy in Contemporary Feminist Discourse

Scholars widely credit feminist campaigns—whose intellectual roots trace back to thinkers like Wollstonecraft—as a primary force behind major historical shifts in women's rights, particularly in the West. These include near-universal achievements such as women's suffrage, gender-neutral language, reproductive rights encompassing access to contraceptives and abortion, and the legal right to enter contracts and own property. Yet the movement has never been monolithic. Since the late 20th century, newer forms of feminism have emerged, and some—such as white feminism and trans-exclusionary radical feminism—have faced criticism for centering only white, middle-class, college-educated, heterosexual, or cisgender perspectives. In response, ethnically specific and multicultural traditions like black feminism and intersectional feminism have gained prominence.